![]() ![]() In 1948, Luis Muñoz Marin became the island’s first elected governor, a post he held until 1964. investments in export manufacturing through tax incentives, low wages, labor peace, and political stability.Īlso in 1947, the Puerto Rican government created the Migration Division of the Labor Department to “follow its migrant citizens” to the mainland. ![]() That same year, the Puerto Rican government initiated Operation Bootstrap, which lured U.S. In 1947, President Harry Truman named the first Puerto Rican-born governor, Jesús T. In the 1930s, the federal government extended the New Deal through the Puerto Rican Emergency Relief Administration (PRERA) and the Puerto Rican Reconstruction Administration (PRRA). citizenship to all Puerto Ricans, but the island remained an unincorporated territory of the United States. Supreme Court defined Puerto Rico as “foreign to the United States in a domestic sense” because it was neither a state of the union nor a sovereign republic ( Burnett ⇐p Marshall, 2001). Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony until 1898, when it became an overseas possession of the United States after the Spanish-Cuban-American War. During the 1970s, Puerto Ricans began to move en masse to the south, especially Florida. After World War II, most Puerto Ricans arrived in New York by airplane, making them the first large-scale airborne migration in history. A third nucleus emerged around Philadelphia, Camden, Lancaster, and other towns along the Delaware River Valley ( Whalen, 2001). A secondary Puerto Rican concentration developed in the Midwest during the 1950s, particularly Chicago, Cleveland, and smaller industrial cities such as Lorain, Ohio, and Gary, Indiana. From New York, Puerto Ricans spread out to New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, especially those who worked in seasonal agriculture. Over the last decades, predominantly Puerto Rican barrios have become more mixed with other Hispanics, particularly Dominicans and Mexicans. Many Puerto Rican communities developed alongside African-American neighborhoods such as Harlem in Manhattan or Bedford-Stuyvesant in Brooklyn. Most of the migrants arrived on passenger steamboats such as the Marine Tiger, the Borinquen, and the Coamo before World War II ( Matos-Rodríguez ⇐p Hernández, 2001). ![]() port with the best transportation links with San Juan since the nineteenth century. The largest Puerto Rican settlements emerged in New York City, the U.S. ![]()
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